84. Structures-iii

Question.2

A developer writes this code in a bare-metal firmware project:

typedef struct {
   volatile uint32_t CR;
   volatile uint32_t SR;
   volatile uint32_t DR;
} USART_TypeDef;

#define USART1 ((USART_TypeDef *)0x40011000)

USART1->CR |= (1U << 13);

What firmware technique does this demonstrate?

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Dynamic memory allocation for peripheral config
Memory-mapped I/O — accessing hardware registers through a struct overlay at a fixed address
DMA transfer configuration via struct
Serialization of register values for logging