75. I2C Slave with Sleep Mode

Sleep mode in a microcontroller is a power-saving state where the CPU stops, but selected peripherals can keep running. 
They reduce power consumption while maintaining the ability to wake up from wake sources

Why We Need Sleep Mode:
Sleep mode is needed in microcontrollers to save power when the CPU is idle. It extends battery life.

ATmega328P supports six sleep modes:

1. Idle – CPU stops; peripherals (Timers, USART, etc.) keep running. This mode has the fastest wake-up.
   Wake-up Sources: Any enabled interrupt, such as from a Timer, USART, or Pin Change, can wake the CPU.
2. ADC Noise Reduction – CPU and I/O stops; ADC runs with less noise.
   Wake-up Sources: ADC interrupt, external interrupt, watchdog
3. Power-down – Most peripherals are turned off; This consumes the lowest power.
   Wake-up Sources: External interrupt (INT0/1, Pin Change), watchdog time
4. Power-save – Like Power-down, but Timer2 runs asynchronously for timed wake-ups.
   Wake-up Sources: Timer2 overflow, external interrupt, watchdog
5. Standby – Like Power-down, with faster wake-up using the external oscillator.
   Wake-up Sources: External interrupt, watchdog
6. Extended Standby – Combines Power-save and Standby for both Timer2 and fast wake-up.
   Wake-up Sources: Timer2, external interrupt, watchdog

• External interrupts (INT0, INT1) – Triggered by a change (edge or level) on specific external pins.
• Pin change interrupts – Triggered by any logic change on enabled I/O pins.
• Watchdog Timer interrupt – Fires after a set timeout, useful for periodic wake-ups.
• Timer overflow/compare match (e.g., Timer2) – Wakes the MCU when a timer reaches a set value; works in async mode for deeper sleep.
• Communication Events – Wakes the MCU when a communication event occurs ( byte received, address detected).
• Analog comparator interrupt – Wakes the MCU when the voltage comparison between two inputs matches.

In AVR microcontrollers (like ATmega328P), sleep modes are controlled using the SMCR (Sleep Mode Control Register). This 8-bit register allows you to select and enable sleep behavior.

• The SM[2:0] bits (bits 2:0) select the sleep mode (e.g., Idle, Power-down)
• The SE bit (bit 7) enables the sleep feature; the device enters sleep when the SLEEP instruction is executed.
• The SMCR register must be set before entering sleep, and interrupts must be configured properly for wake-up.

This register is responsible for managing power modes in AVR microcontrollers.

NOTE: Similar types of registers are present in other microcontrollers for controlling the sleep modes. More advanced registers like SYST_CSR in ARM manage sleep and system tick behaviour, offering finer control.

To set up sleep modes in AVR microcontrollers like the ATmega328P, follow these steps:

1. Configure the Sleep Mode: Set the desired sleep mode using the SMCR (Sleep Mode Control Register) by selecting the mode via the SM[2:0] bits (e.g., Idle, Power-down).
2. Enable Sleep: Set the SE (Sleep Enable) bit in the SMCR register to allow the microcontroller to enter sleep.
3. Execute Sleep: Use the SLEEP instruction to put the microcontroller into the selected sleep mode.
4. Interrupts: Ensure necessary interrupts are enabled to wake up the device, such as external interrupts or a watchdog timer.
5. Optional - Disable Unused Peripherals: To save more power, disable unused peripherals by configuring bits in the PRR (Power Reduction Register).
6. Optional - Disable Sleep After Wake-up: Clear the SE bit after wake-up to prevent accidental re-entry into sleep mode.

The microcontroller remains in sleep until a valid interrupt or event triggers a wake-up.

Library: #include <avr/power.h>

1. Example of using Power-down sleep mode with external interrupt wake-up to toggle an LED on Arduino UNO.

Code

#include <avr/sleep.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>

#define LED 12

volatile bool wakeFlag = false;

void setup() {
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);       // INT0
  pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);            // LED pin

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(2), wakeISR, LOW);

  set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);
  sleep_enable();
  sei();
}

void loop() {
  sleep_mode();                   // MCU sleeps here

  // After waking up
  if (wakeFlag) {
    wakeFlag = false;
    digitalWrite(LED, !digitalRead(LED)); // Toggle LED
  }

  // Optional delay to avoid bouncing issues
  delay(50);
}

void wakeISR() {
  wakeFlag = true; // Set flag to handle logic after wake
}

2. Code to blink the LED three times when the Arduino wakes up. The Arduino goes to sleep and wakes up every 8 seconds using the Watchdog Timer (WDT) as the interrupt-based wake-up source.

Code

#include <avr/sleep.h>
#include <avr/wdt.h>
const int ledPin = 13;

void setup() {
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

  // Disable ADC to save power
  ADCSRA &= ~(1 << ADEN);

  // Setup Watchdog Timer
  setupWatchdogTimer();

  // Enable sleep mode
  set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);
  sleep_enable();

  // Ensure interrupts are globally enabled
  sei();
}


void loop() {
  // Blink the LED three times on wakeup
  for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
    delay(200);
    digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
    delay(200);
  }

  // Go to sleep again
  sleep_mode();
}


// WDT interrupt service routine
ISR(WDT_vect) {
  // This interrupt wakes the MCU from sleep
}


void setupWatchdogTimer() {
  // Clear WDRF in MCUSR
  MCUSR &= ~(1 << WDRF);

  // Set up WDT for interrupt mode only, every 8 seconds
  // Step 1: Enable configuration change
  WDTCSR |= (1 << WDCE) | (1 << WDE);

  // Step 2: Set for interrupt mode, 8s timeout
  WDTCSR = (1 << WDIE) | (1 << WDP3) | (1 << WDP0);  // 8s
}

To reduce power consumption in microcontrollers like the ATmega328P, several effective techniques can be used:

• Use deep sleep modes (e.g., Power-down mode) to shut down the CPU and most peripherals when not in use.
• Disable unused peripherals such as ADC, SPI, I2C, or timers to prevent unnecessary power draw.
• Reduce the clock frequency to lower the overall current consumption during active operation.
• Disable the Brown-Out Detector (BOD) in sleep mode for additional savings, as it consumes power.
• Keep GPIOs in known logic states (avoid floating pins) to prevent leakage currents.

In ATmega328P, the Power Reduction Register (PRR) allows selective disabling of clock signals to specific peripherals. Turning off modules like ADC, USART, or Timers through PRR is especially useful in sleep modes, where it can significantly extend battery life.

• To calculate battery life from the average current in a microcontroller, use the formula:

• Average current is the total current drawn by the microcontroller over time, accounting for both active and sleep modes. To calculate the average current:

where:

• Active Current is the current drawn during the active mode (e.g., while performing tasks).
• Sleep Current is the current drawn during sleep mode (e.g., low-power or idle states).
• Active Time is the duration spent in the active mode.
• Sleep Time is the duration spent in sleep mode.
• Total Time is the total duration of one complete cycle (Active Time + Sleep Time).

Here’s an example of estimating battery life based on given conditions:

• Battery capacity = 2000 mAh
• Active Current = 20 mA (current during active mode)
• Sleep Current = 1 mA (current during sleep mode)
• Active Time = 5 seconds
• Sleep Time = 55 seconds
• Total Time = 60 seconds (1 minute)

First, calculate the average current:

Average Current = (20 * 5 / 60) + (1 * 55 / 60) = 2.58 mA

Then, estimate the battery life:

Battery Life = 2000 mAh / 2.58 mA ≈ 775.1 hours ≈ 32.29 days

This means the battery will last approximately 32.29 days with the given usage pattern.