95. PWM Constructor Modes

1. Basic & Parameterized Constructors

The most common forms used to initialize variables.

class GPIO {
    int pin;
public:
    // 1. Default Constructor (No args)
    GPIO() { pin = 0; }

    // 2. Parameterized Constructor (With args)
    GPIO(int p) { pin = p; }
};

GPIO led;        // Calls GPIO()
GPIO motor(9);   // Calls GPIO(int)

2. Member Initializer Lists (Crucial for Efficiency)

Initializes variables before the constructor body runs. This is mandatory for const members and References, and avoids "double-writing" variables.

class Sensor {
    const int id;
    int& bus_ref;
public:
    // Syntax: : member(value), member(value)
    Sensor(int i, int& bus) : id(i), bus_ref(bus) { 
        // Body is empty; work is already done.
    }
};

3. Advanced Variants (explicit, Copy, delete)

These control how objects are created or copied, preventing dangerous bugs.

• explicit: Prevents accidental implicit conversions (e.g., passing int where a Driver object is expected).
• Copy Constructor: Defines how to clone an object (crucial for Deep Copies of pointers).
• = delete: Disables a constructor (used for Singletons or unique hardware drivers).

class Driver {
    int* buffer;
public:
    // PREVENT implicit conversion from int to Driver
    explicit Driver(int size) { buffer = new int[size]; }

    // CUSTOM Copy Constructor (Deep Copy)
    Driver(const Driver& other) {
        buffer = new int[10]; 
        memcpy(buffer, other.buffer, 10 * sizeof(int));
    }

    // DISABLE Copying entirely (Common for hardware drivers)
    // Driver(const Driver&) = delete; 
};

1. Impossible-to-Forget Initialization

In C, forgetting UART_Init() crashes the system. 

In C++, constructors force you to provide configuration (e.g., Baud Rate) at creation time. The object never exists in an uninitialized state.

2. RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)

The "Scope Lock" pattern: A constructor acquires a resource (disables interrupts, takes a mutex), and the Destructor releases it.

{
    InterruptLock lock; // Constructor: __disable_irq();
    // Critical Section
} // Destructor: __enable_irq(); automatic at end of scope.

3. Unique Hardware Access

Using = delete on copy constructors ensures you don't have two software objects trying to control the same physical UART peripheral, preventing race conditions.