5. Select a Resistor to Drive an LED

• ✅ Resistance: 430Ω (selected) vs 470Ω (required)
  430Ω is 8.5% lower than the calculated ideal (470Ω), but still within the ±5% tolerance and will produce a forward current of ~23.3mA (I = (12V - 2V)/430Ω = 23.26mA), which is just ~6% above the desired 22mA. This is safe for most standard red LEDs and will result in slightly higher brightness, but still within typical absolute maximum ratings (usually 20–30mA). Acceptable for indicator use.
• ✅ Tolerance: ±5% (meets requirement of ±5% or better)
• ✅ Power Rating: 0.5W (selected) > 0.33W (required)
  Actual dissipated power is P = I²R ≈ (0.0233A)² × 430Ω ≈ 0.233W, so 0.5W is more than adequate.
• ✅ Mounting Type: Surface Mount (1210 package) (meets requirement)
• ✅ Technology: Thick Film (meets requirement)
• ✅ RoHS Compliance: Yes (meets requirement)

Summary: All critical specs are met. The resistance is slightly lower than calculated, leading to a marginally higher current, but this is well within safe LED operating limits given the resistor's tolerance and the LED's typical maximum ratings.

Result: Approved