27. TVS Diode Selection

Question.1

Kevin designs a 12V DC input board.
He selects a TVS diode with VRWM = 12V for surge protection.
During normal operation, the TVS becomes warm even without surge events.
Why is this happening?

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TVS always dissipates power in normal operation
The breakdown voltage is too high
The working standoff voltage (VRWM) is too close to the system voltage
The peak pulse power rating is too low